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Licencje oprogramowania i jego typy
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03-25-2009, 05:06 AM
Post: #1
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Licencje oprogramowania i jego typy
KaĂ
Âźdy uĂ
Âźytkownik komputera ma na co dzieĂ
â stycznoĂ
âşĂ⥠z oprogramowaniem, zaczynajĂâŚc chociaĂ
Âźby od systemu operacyjnego, ktĂÂłry jest niezbĂâ˘dny do pracy komputera poprzez rĂÂłĂ
Âźnego rodzaju oprogramowanie instalowane przez nas na co dzieĂ
â. Jednak czy kiedykolwiek ktoĂ
âş z nas zastanawiaĂ
â siĂ⢠na podstawie jakiej licencji uĂ
Âźywamy dany program? W tym artykule chciaĂ
âbym trochĂ⢠rozjaĂ
âşniĂ⥠tĂ⌠dziedzinĂ⢠komputerĂÂłw, mianowicie pewnĂ⌠czĂâ˘Ă
âşĂ⥠prawa komputerowego, a dokĂ
âadniej ââŹâ licencje oprogramowania.
Licencja ââŹâ co to wĂ âaĂ âşciwie jest ? MĂÂłwiĂâŚc najproĂ âşciej, licencja na oprogramowanie jest to umowa zawarta miĂâ˘dzy wydawcĂ⌠programu (podmiotem, do ktĂÂłrego naleĂ ÂźĂ⌠prawa autorskie), a osobĂâŚ, ktĂÂłra ma zamiar uĂ ÂźywaĂ⥠danego oprogramowania. Z umowĂ⌠licencyjnĂ⌠mamy najczĂâ˘Ă âşciej stycznoĂ âşĂ⥠podczas instalacji danego programu, gdzie jesteĂ âşmy proszeni o potwierdzenie zapoznania siĂ⢠z warunkami danej licencji oraz na ich akceptacjĂâ˘. CzĂâ˘sto musimy takĂ Âźe oĂ âşwiadczyĂâĄ, ze warunkĂÂłw licencji Ă âamaĂ⥠nie bĂâ˘dziemy. Ze wszystkim dokĂ âadnie moĂ Âźemy siĂ⢠zapoznaĂ⥠w ustawie o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. Prawo autorskie zawarte jest w ustawie z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych (Dz.U. 1994 nr 24 poz. 83 z pĂ³à ºn. zm.). Teraz przejdĂ Âşmy juĂ Âź do sedna sprawy, czyli do typĂÂłw licencji na oprogramowanie. PoniĂ Âźej opiszĂ⢠bardziej znane, a takĂ Âźe mniej znane typy licencji oraz postaram siĂ⢠przy kaĂ Âźdym jej typie, podaĂ⥠kilka przykĂ âadowych programĂÂłw ktĂÂłre funkcjonujĂ⌠na podstawie omawianego typu licencji. Typy licencji Licencja OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) ââŹâ jest to jedna z bardziej znanych nam licencji, poniewaĂ Âź mamy stycznoĂ âşĂ⥠z niĂ⌠bardzo czĂâ˘sto np. kupujĂâŚc system operacyjny (bĂâŚdĂ Âş takĂ Âźe czĂâ˘Ă âşci komputerowe!). W odniesieniu do oprogramowania, licencjĂ⢠OEM najczĂâ˘Ă âşciej spotkamy kupujĂâŚc produkty firmy Microsoft (Windows, Office). Licencja na oprogramowanie OEM jest bardzo uĂ âşciĂ âşlona, generalnie rzecz biorĂâŚc, system operacyjny Windows licencjonowany na podstawie licencji OEM moĂ Âźemy zakupiĂ⥠tylko wraz z nowym komputerem. Licencja jest waĂ Âźna TYLKO I WYĂ ÂACZNIE na komputer, wraz z ktĂÂłrym system zostaĂ â zakupiony. Po wymianie jakiejkolwiek czĂâ˘Ă âşci w komputerze licencja moĂ Âźe ulec uniewaĂ Âźnieniu. Nie mamy takĂ Âźe moĂ ÂźliwoĂ âşci przeniesienia licencji na inny komputer. Gdy chcemy uĂ ÂźywaĂ⥠legalnie systemu np. na dwĂÂłch komputerach, musimy posiadaĂ⥠dwa noĂ âşniki z systemem, a takĂ Âźe dwie oddzielne licencje (oczywiĂ âşcie kaĂ Âźda przypisana do odpowiedniego sprzĂâ˘tu). Warto tutaj nadmieniĂâĄ, iĂ Âź produkty OEM wymagajĂ⌠aktywacji produktu, co powiĂâŚzuje ten produkt z podzespoĂ âami komputera. Zatem jeĂ âşli np. wymienimy pĂ âytĂ⢠gĂ âĂÂłwnĂ⌠w komputerze, BEZPOWROTNIE TRACIMY licencjĂ⢠OEM na ten komputer. W takim przypadku pozostaje tylko zakup nowej licencji. Istnieje jednak wyjĂâŚtek od tego, licencji nie stracimy wtedy gdy wymiana pĂ âyty gĂ âĂÂłwnej jest spowodowana jej uszkodzeniem, oczywiĂ âşcie wymiana pĂ âyty gĂ âĂÂłwnej musi byĂ⥠dokonana na podstawie waĂ Âźnej gwarancji producenta. Licencja Freeware ââŹâ jest to chyba najbardziej rozpowszechniony typ licencji, wykorzystywany przez kaĂ Âźdego z nas praktycznie codziennie. Licencja freeware daje nam moĂ ÂźliwoĂ âşĂ⥠nieodpĂ âatnego korzystania z programu, jednak by robiĂ⥠to zgodnie z warunkami tej licencji, musimy speĂ âniaĂ⥠kilka warunkĂÂłw. Program licencjonowany jako freeware moĂ Âźemy dowolnie wykorzystywaĂ⥠w celach domowych do uĂ Âźytku wĂ âasnego, jednak nie moĂ Âźemy korzystaĂ⥠z programĂÂłw objĂâ˘tych licencjĂ⌠freeware Ă Âźadnych korzyĂ âşci majĂâŚtkowych. Wszystko co stworzymy za pomocĂ⌠takich programĂÂłw, np. programĂÂłw graficznych, muzycznych itp. moĂ Âźemy dowolnie upowszechniaĂ⥠nieodpĂ âatnie. Licencja Shareware ââŹâ licencjĂ⌠shareware sĂ⌠objĂâ˘te zazwyczaj programy pĂ âatne, ktĂÂłre jednak po instalacji dajĂ⌠nam przez pewien czas korzystaĂ⥠z wszystkich funkcji danego programu. Po upĂ âywie tego okresu prĂÂłbnego naleĂ Âźy wykupiĂ⥠peĂ ânĂ⌠licencjĂ⢠na dany program, przykĂ âadem moĂ Âźe byĂ⥠np. program antywirusowy NOD32, ktĂÂłrego moĂ Âźemy nieodpĂ âatnie uĂ ÂźywaĂ⥠przez 30 dni. Po upĂ âywie wspomnianych 30 dni naleĂ Âźy wykupiĂ⥠peĂ ânĂ⌠licencjĂ⢠na produkt. Licencja Adware ââŹâ programy tego typu sĂ⌠rozprowadzane darmowo, jednak same w sobie posiadajĂ⌠rĂ³à Ÿnego rodzaju reklamy, bandery reklamowe itp. WĂ âaĂ âşnie dziĂâ˘ki tym reklamom, twĂÂłrca programu czerpie korzyĂ âşci majĂâŚtkowe. Po uiszczeniu odpowiedniej opĂ âaty moĂ Âźna dokonaĂ⥠zakupu wersji programu pozbawionej reklam. Za przykĂ âad moĂ Âźemy sobie obraĂ⥠bardzo znany w Polsce komunikator internetowy Gadu-Gadu. Jest on wĂ âaĂ âşnie wydawany na podstawie licencji Adware. Nie pĂ âacimy nic za korzystanie z niego, jednak w zamian za to musimy oglĂâŚdaĂ⥠roĂ Âźnego typu bannery czy wyskakujĂâŚce okienka. IstniejĂ⌠programy, ktĂÂłre usuwajĂ⌠wszystkie reklamy, jednak jest to juĂ Âź naruszenie praw zawartych w treĂ âşci licencji Adware, co wiĂâ˘c jest niezgodne z prawem. W programach typu Adware jest zawarty maĂ ây haczyk, w niektĂÂłrych programach zawarte jest coĂ âş w rodzaju zĂ âoĂ âşliwych kodĂÂłw, a mianowicie programĂÂłw szpiegowskich. Trzeba wiĂâ˘c zwracaĂ⥠uwagĂ⢠na to, co instalujemy wiedzĂâŚc Ă Âźe dany program opiera siĂ⢠na licencji Adware. Licencja Trial ââŹâ programy oparte na tej licencji oferujĂ⌠nam swoje peĂ âne funkcje, jednak ich okres uĂ Âźytkowania jest ograniczony czasowo. Programy oparte na licencji Trial majĂ⌠zazwyczaj za zadanie peĂ âne zaprezentowanie moĂ ÂźliwoĂ âşci danego produktu. Po upĂ âyniĂâ˘ciu czasu dozwolonego na korzystanie z programu zazwyczaj bĂâ˘dziemy zmuszeni do usuniĂâ˘cia go z dysku twardego komputera i zakupienie peĂ ânej wersji. GNU General Public Licence ââŹâ programy objĂâ˘te tĂ⌠licencjĂ⌠umoĂ ÂźliwiajĂ⌠uĂ Âźytkownikowi uruchamianie programu w celach dowolnych, a na dodatek uĂ Âźytkownik ma udoskonalania go, kopiowania, a takĂ Âźe tworzenie i udostĂâ˘pnianie wĂ âasnych poprawek a takĂ Âźe posiada prawo do publikowania kodu Ă ÂşrĂÂłdĂ âowego. MoĂ Âźna zatem uznaĂâĄ, ze licencja GPL jest obecnie najbardziej znanĂ⌠licencjĂ⌠do wolnodostĂâ˘pnego oprogramowania. Licencja ta jest czĂâ˘sto powiĂâŚzana z systemami operacyjnymi Linux, np. Red Hat Linux. Licencja BSD - jest to licencja oparta o zasady Wolnego Oprogramowania. Ten typ licencji jest bardziej uĂ âoĂ Âźony dla samego uĂ Âźytkownika. DziĂâ˘ki temu, prĂÂłcz modyfikacji kodu moĂ Âźemy takĂ Âźe rozpowszechniaĂ⥠program, ktĂÂłry posiada nasz wĂ âasny kod, bez koniecznoĂ âşci umieszczania w nim kodu Ă ÂşrĂÂłdĂ âowego. Jedynym warunkiem jest doĂ âĂâŚczenie informacji o tym, kto jest autorem oprogramowania oraz treĂ âşci owej licencji, na podstawie ktĂÂłrej program zostaĂ â prawnie wydany. CPL (Common Public License) ââŹâ jest to takĂ Âźe jedna z licencji Wolnego Oprogramowania. W 1988 roku zostaĂ âa ona sformuĂ âowana przez firmĂ⢠IBM, po czym zostaĂ âa zatwierdzona przez Ă âşrodowisko Open Source Initiative. Jest to licencja bardzo podobna do opisanej wyĂ Âźej licencji ââŹĹžGNU General Public Licence ââŹĹž Postcardware (cardware) ââŹâ jest to typ licencji ktĂÂłry jest bardzo zbliĂ Âźony do Freeware. Programy oparte sĂ⌠udostĂâ˘pnione do darmowego uĂ Âźytku, jednak autor programu czĂâ˘sto jako formĂ⢠ââŹĹžzapĂ âatyââŹÂ za program oczekuje, aby uĂ Âźytkownik wysĂ âaĂ â mu kartkĂ⢠pocztowĂâŚ. RozrĂ³à Ÿniamy tutaj takĂ Âźe dwa rodzaje tej licencji, jeden rodzaj to taki, gdzie wysĂ âanie kartki jest wymogiem do tego, aby program uĂ ÂźywaĂ⥠w peĂ âni legalnie, a drugi typ to taki, gdzie autor pozostawia wolnĂ⌠rĂâ˘kĂ⢠uĂ Âźytkownikowi odnoĂ âşnie wysĂ âania kartki, zatem nie jest to konieczne. PojĂâ˘cia zwiĂâŚzane z licencjonowaniem, ktĂÂłre jednoczeĂ âşnie nie sĂ⌠à Ÿadnym typem licencji. Public domain ââŹâ tego typu licencje posiadajĂ⌠typy oprogramowania badĂ Âş inne zbiory, na ktĂÂłre wygasĂ ây juĂ Âź prawa autorskie. DziĂâ˘ki temu mamy swobodny dostĂâ˘p do takiego oprogramowaniĂâŚ, poniewaĂ Âź w tym wypadku nie obowiĂâŚzujĂ⌠juĂ Âź nas prawa autorskie. Donationware ââŹâ Programy objĂâ˘te licenjĂ⌠tego typu moĂ Âźemy uzywaĂ⥠dopiero wtedy, gdy za produkt zapĂ âacimy. Jednak wysokoĂ âşĂ⥠tej opĂ âaty zaleĂ Âźy tylko i wyĂ âĂâŚcznie od nas, nie mamy nigdzie narzuconej kwoty do zapĂ âaty. Po uiszczeniu opĂ âaty, program moĂ Âźemy dowolnie uĂ ÂźywaĂâĄ. Abandonware ââŹâ sĂ⌠to programy tego typu, na ktĂÂłre autor nie udziela juĂ Âź wsparcia ani pomocy technicznej. MoĂ Âźliwe teĂ Âź jest, Ă Âźe autor Ă âşwiadomie porzuciĂ â prawa autorskie, co jest w Ă âşwietle prawa dozwolone. W takim przypadku takie oprogramowanie staje siĂ⢠wĂ âaĂ âşnie oprogramowaniem typu abandonware. Mam nadziejĂâ˘, ze tym artykuĂ âem przybliĂ ÂźyĂ âem choĂ⥠troche kaĂ Âźdemu typy oraz zasady licencji na oprogramowanie. Teraz kaĂ Âźdy po przeczytaniu tego artykuĂ âu powinien wiedzieĂ⥠jakie ma prawa wobec danego oprogramowania, co wolno, a czego nie wolno czyniĂ⥠z danym programem, ktĂÂłry jest objĂâ˘ty konkretnym typem licencji. |
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01-09-2012, 11:09 AM
Post: #2
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gry pc chomikuj rar
Preschool academic online games with regard to maths usually are consequently crucial, kids learn more, in addition to at the greater swiftness, during their preschool decades as compared to with every other occasion.
We have to prove to them the constructive aspect regarding learning, it's definitely not Do the job, but Enjoyment to understand. Young children appreciate this magic in addition to puzzle regarding having fun with kinect gry figures, they will delight because they start to comprehension amount, and its particular fundamental significance, yet this is not something which could happen instantly, it will take time period in addition to patients. Singing amount tunes is an excellent begin to adding your youngster to help numbers. There are lots of quantity tunes, plus quite a few Cds as well as Videos, that will help you in the event that like me personally you aren't an organic created vocalist. Yet is it doesn't commitment you placed in the actual melodies, which will have got your son or daughter getting additional! Youngsters should do mitts routines for example Searching and Matching prior to they will recognize that keeping track of is really talking about sets associated with goods. We can motivate our children via many actions so that they can understand and revel in understanding maths. Some terrific online games may include finding out maths using forms, placing your order and also sequencing and also online games regarding checking and also realising amounts as much as 10. Preschoolers normally need to form things by color, condition, and also size. While you are enjoying your kids participate in, you will note this habit in working order, as they try to sound right in the earth all-around them. They will by natural means type their particular autos by simply colour as well as their prevents through dimension. Check out a youngster together with a few crayons and they'll typically separate the actual crayons in the various shades which they discover. You need to use this particular have to form what to help make studying early numbers skills enjoyable pertaining to young children. Finding out how to identify involving issues is usually a key outcome to your very little preschooler. Whenever you can, let your kid help you sort issues savings around your house. Inside the kitchen's you can sort this fruits and veggies by colour or even this spoons by means of sizing as well as when accomplishing the particular washing, searching your socks by means of measurement in addition to shade. Adding issues to be able or perhaps sequencing is often a simple maths skill that some children will work effortlessly, they will put things in the selected routine based on size or perhaps set up items of clothes in shade. Your youngster may possibly organize his or her cars in a very line from your most compact towards major. Ordering is usually a enjoyable game, as little ones get started to take into account the collection in their evening, and gain an understanding of the appointments and in season plan. You can create your own personal action playing cards your baby can certainly place in get, by way of example, photographs of one's baby getting up, cleaning the teeth, having breakfast, gonna baby room, obtaining an evening meal, developing a tale examine just before wyposażenie wnętrz going to sleep plus your kid in bed. Carrying out easy image activities like that is a entertaining method for your child to consider their day, and as well understand this buy of the evening. A different fantastic image buying exercise is actually one among developing upward. A photo of your newborn, little one, mature and also an existing girl. Talk to your child, about where by they may be within the purchase. Young children enjoy referring to by themselves which is the best way to talk to your baby, in addition to assist all of them find out about placing your order. There are several fantastic learning online games intended for young children to aid these individuals discover styles, there are lots of totally free pursuits that you can do at your home. Simple create participate in will assist ones preschooler find out shapes easily in addition to by natural means. You could potentially make small greeting cards along with vivid patterns on them, making sure that if you look at styles it is possible to point out all of them in addition to create side by side comparisons together with each day physical objects, such as spherical being a platter or maybe sq being a eye-port. This will make your child discover day-to-day objects in a very new light-weight as well as solidly place most of these fun suggestions into their memory space. One more concept for the studying game titles with regard to preschoolers could well be, to create you have play cash, and enquire of your kid if they can discover formed goods throughout the house to utilize while cutters, maybe using the shape credit cards, to help you him don't forget exactly what appearance will be exactly what. No matter what video games you are taking part in be sure you maintain discussing with your son or daughter with regards to each shape, gets the design acquired sides?, the quantity of features has that got? in order that this individual learns the key keywords to do with shapes. Dont ignore to complete 3 dimensional shapes to! Guides that consentrate on forms along with shade are an ideal way for ones preschooler to learn. An excellent variety are the Mr Guys ebooks, your kid will certainly gradually start to recognize the actual forms a lot more a person read the books. Specify the design along with allow your kid find the finger in the describes. The greater anyone demonstrate your kids, the particular quicker he'll almost certainly learn in addition to comprehend the actual differences throughout the two 3 dimensional as well as 3 dimensional designs. Needless to say enjoy is the foremost way to discover, different understanding video games with regard to young children is actually a simple Prevent Developing video game. Test making unique shapes while using the hinders and enquire your youngster to locate a stop of the similar form. Possibly tidying upward will give you far more probability to instruct, rather than placing points out try out requesting your son or daughter to get the many squares or even all the triangles very first. Also you can try this having cardboard packing containers by close to your house, home soft towel canister hoses, cereal cardboard boxes, and even create your personal pack!! Additionally, there are quite a few Shape Sorter Gadgets obtainable that could teach your kids information on condition in addition to coloration, you can even acquire Appearance Dominoes as well as Shape Bingo understanding online games intended for preschoolers. Art is often a brilliant approach to teach your youngster about patterns, these kinds of piece of art in addition to sticking games usually are excellent fun and assist with bolster your young children creativeness simultaneously. Enjoy the fun doing residences, rockets or possibly a software out of squares, sectors, triangles and rectangles. Place your own collages standing on this wall membrane and talk about your styles you have utilised. Most young children build their particular numeracy ability with distinct data transfer speeds, so it's vital that many child is usually provided the opportunity to develop with his or perhaps hers very own rate. Ahead of your child finds out to rely they should be recognize that 1 equals 1 merchandise, a couple of equals a pair of products and many others. It is a complicated skill for your preschooler to learn, therefore include patients, and also encouraging your son or daughter, go alongside way. You can guide your kids simply by doing smaller regular task. Laying the actual kitchen table may be beneficial, as it becomes carried out everyday, that's excellent training for your youngster. You may make this happen within a engage in circumstances, do a teddy have eat outside, and permit your youngster discuss out and about your puddings http://www.usda.gov or cakes to all of his or her teddy bears. Employ really small numbers first so when your child receives their understanding of connection range as well as volume, commence including an additional one-by-one. Because you count number materials together feel every. This helps little ones to be aware of that they're counting something at a time. A smart way of performing this is at history time period; The Several Holds is a great you to definitely start out, because it repeats as much as about three, many times. Next progressively as your child efficiently should it by means of him or her self, provide a more difficult publication. It is very important create ones childs self-confidence to ensure that they are not really unpleasant along with numbers. That can help your kid understand the particular obtain of amount and also quantity designs, you may create your individual variety charge cards, using the number designs during one part along with the quantity of spots around the change. Construct this greeting cards using the areas with up to a few initially, and have your son or daughter to put these in the right obtain. Whenever this really is achieved you may create the experience a bit more difficult through among the volumes available to see should your baby can easily inform you what range is missing out on. Educative toys game titles with regard to very young children can make these the step prior to the sleep, with confidence throughout on their own as well as coping with quantities. sypialnie xbox 360 gry opony |
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